📃 References

  1. AIUM Collaborative Committee. AIUM practice parameter for the use of ultrasound to guide vascular access procedures. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(3):E4-E18. doi:10.1002/jum.14954
  2. Vegas A, Wells B, Braum P, et al. Guidelines for performing ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation: recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2025;38(2):57-91. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2024.12.004
  3. O’Dochartaigh D, Picard C, Douma M. Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement learning resource. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Health Services; 2023.
  4. Allen J. Ultrasound-guided peripheral IV access. Sudbury, ON: Health Sciences North, Cardiac Medical Unit; 2020.
  5. Australasian Sonographers Association. Ultrasound guided peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion. Melbourne, VIC: ASA; 2025.
  6. Gorgone M, O’Connor TP, Maximous SI. How I teach: ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access. ATS Sch. 2022;3(4):598-609. doi:10.34197/ats-scholar.2022-0029HT
  7. Loon FHJV, Puijn LAPM, Houterman S, Bouwman ARA. Development of the A-DIVA scale: a clinical predictive scale to identify difficult intravenous access in adult patients based on clinical observations. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(16):e3428. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003428
  8. Bell JA, Campos C, Moureau N. Validation and reliability of the comprehensive difficult IV access scoring tool. Int J Nurs Health Care Res. 2023;6(3). doi:10.29011/2688-9501.101414
  9. Civetta G, Cortesi S, Mancardi M, et al. EA-DIVA score (enhanced adult DIVA score): a new scale to predict difficult preoperative venous cannulation in adult surgical patients. J Vasc Access. 2019;20(3):281-289. doi:10.1177/1129729818804994
  10. van Loon FHJ, van Hooff LWE, de Boer HD, et al. The modified A-DIVA scale as a predictive tool for prospective identification of adult patients at risk of a difficult intravenous access: a multicenter validation study. J Clin Med. 2019;8(2):144. doi:10.3390/jcm8020144

💽Resources

Some resources used in this e-learning module were generated with, or adapted from, the following sources:

  1. Graphics: Nano Banana Pro (Google).
  2. Video: Veo3 (Google).
  3. Speech: Kokoro TTS model. Source: https://github.com/hexgrad/kokoro. License: Apache License 2.0 (https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
  4. IV cannula 3D model: Adapted from Venflon needle for IV by leon-maryasin. Source: https://www.cgtrader.com/free-3d-models/industrial/industrial-part/venflon-needle-for-iv. License: CGTrader Royalty Free License (see source listing terms). Modified for this project.
  5. POCUS probe: Adapted from Ultrasound Probe Toy by Riley CLZ Tech Studio. Source: https://www.printables.com/model/371359-ultrasound-probe-toy. License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Modified for this project.